This section covers New York firearm rules that do not fit cleanly into the other sections of this guide: private sales and the...
Reviewed by Will Luker, Founder of CCW Hub. USCCA Training Counselor, USCCA Certified Instructor, NRA Certified Instructor, Law Enforcement.
This section covers New York firearm rules that do not fit cleanly into the other sections of this guide: private sales and the universal-background-check requirement, dealer transfers, ammunition rules, magazine capacity, antique and NFA-edge categories, sales to people under 21, mental-health reporting and firearm prohibition, the justification framework that governs justified force, frame and receiver crimes, rapid-fire-device and pistol-converter crimes, digital firearm manufacturing code, the hunting overlay, and the federal law that runs in parallel with all of it. If a question does not belong in PERMIT_BASICS, CONSTITUTIONAL_CARRY, CONCEALED_CARRY, OPEN_CARRY, TRAINING_REQUIREMENTS, APPLICATION_PROCESS, FEES_COSTS, RENEWAL_PROCESS, PROHIBITED_PLACES, VEHICLE_CARRY, TRANSPORT, STORAGE, USE_OF_FORCE, CASTLE_DOCTRINE, DUTY_TO_INFORM, UNDER_INFLUENCE, RESTRICTIONS, NFA_ITEMS, RED_FLAG, PREEMPTION, RECIPROCITY, RESOURCES, or FAQ, the short answer is here.
New York is a licensed-carry state, not a permitless or constitutional-carry state. To possess or carry a handgun you need a license to carry under Penal Law 400.00. Most of what shows up in this catch-all is regulated at the state level under Penal Law Article 265 (Firearms and Other Dangerous Weapons), Article 400 (Licenses to Carry, Possess, Repair and Dispose of Firearms and Ammunition), and the Concealed Carry Improvement Act of 2022 (CCIA, L 2022, ch 371), which took effect September 1, 2022. Where another section of this guide owns the operative state-law text, this section cross-references that section. The federal framework, including the Gun Control Act of 1968, the National Firearms Act, and the Supreme Court decisions in Heller, McDonald, New York State Rifle and Pistol Association v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022), and United States v. Rahimi (2024), sits on top of every New York rule.
The CCIA removed the old "proper cause" standard that Bruen struck down and replaced it with enhanced eligibility rules. Under Penal Law 400.00(1)(b), an applicant must be of "good moral character," which the statute defines as "having the essential character, temperament and judgement necessary to be entrusted with a weapon and to use it only in a manner that does not endanger oneself or others." A carry-license applicant under Penal Law 400.00(1)(o) must meet in person with the licensing officer for an interview, supply contact information for a spouse or domestic partner and other adults in the home, supply at least four character references, and certify completion of the required training. The CCIA also added Penal Law 400.00(1)(o)(iv), requiring a list of former and current social media accounts from the past three years, but as explained below that subparagraph is on the books and off the application form. Under Penal Law 400.00(19), the training is an in-person live firearms safety course of at least 16 hours of classroom curriculum plus at least 2 hours of live-fire range training, for 18 hours total, with an 80 percent written-test score and a live-fire proficiency demonstration.
The social-media-disclosure requirement in Penal Law 400.00(1)(o)(iv) was one of the most heavily litigated pieces of the CCIA, and its status is narrower than it is usually described. No court has held it unconstitutional, and the Legislature has not repealed it. In Antonyuk v. James the Second Circuit affirmed the district court's preliminary injunction against enforcing the clause, reasoning that "[c]onditioning a concealed carry license on such a disclosure imposes a burden on the right to bear arms that is without sufficient analogue in our Nation's history or tradition of firearms regulation." A stipulation of partial settlement in that case, so ordered by U.S. District Judge Glenn T. Suddaby on March 30, 2026, added a permanent injunction against enforcing the subparagraph against the plaintiff there, together with the Superintendent's agreement that "The Superintendent shall ensure that the PPB-3 license application form does not include language requiring social media information." That injunction terminates if the Legislature repeals the subparagraph, and a consent stipulation carries no precedential value. The practical result for an applicant today is simple. The statutory text stays in the Penal Law, and the current PPB-3 does not ask for social media accounts. The good-moral-character standard, the in-person interview, the four character references, and the 18-hour training requirement all remain operative. For the full licensing walkthrough, see PERMIT_BASICS, APPLICATION_PROCESS, and TRAINING_REQUIREMENTS.
Carrying or possessing a handgun without the required license is charged under Article 265. The base offense is criminal possession of a firearm under Penal Law 265.01-b, a class E felony, which reaches a person who possesses any firearm. New York's definition of "firearm" in Penal Law 265.00(3) means a pistol or revolver, a short-barreled shotgun or rifle, an assault weapon, or certain other concealable weapons, so an unlicensed handgun falls squarely within it. Lesser and greater charges layer on top:
Penal Law 265.20 sets out the statutory exemptions to these offenses. See CONCEALED_CARRY and RESTRICTIONS for the operative carry and prohibitor analysis.
The CCIA created two location regimes that are central to lawful carry. Penal Law 265.01-e makes it a class E felony to possess a firearm, rifle, or shotgun in a "sensitive location" when the person knows or reasonably should know the location is sensitive. The statutory list is long. It includes government buildings and courts, health and behavioral health facilities, places of worship, libraries, public parks, public playgrounds and zoos, schools and colleges, childcare and youth programs, homeless and domestic-violence shelters, public transit and transit facilities, bars and on-premises cannabis-consumption sites, theaters, stadiums, museums, amusement parks and other entertainment and gaming venues, polling places, permitted public gatherings and protests, and the area commonly known as Times Square. The statute also lists exemptions, including active and qualified retired law enforcement under 18 U.S.C. 926B and 926C, certain security guards, active-duty military, and persons lawfully hunting or engaged in firearms training. All twenty paragraphs of the sensitive-location list, (a) through (t), are in force, and a knowing violation is a class E felony.
The place-of-worship entry needs a direct warning, because it is commonly stated backwards. Penal Law 265.01-e(2)(c) is in force. It reaches "any place of worship, except for those persons responsible for security at such place of worship," and carrying there is criminal possession of a firearm in a sensitive location, a class E felony, like any other entry on the list. The security exception the Legislature added in 2023 is the only carve-out written into the statute, and a congregation may designate members of its own security team to come within it. In the Antonyuk litigation the Second Circuit vacated the district court's preliminary injunction against the place-of-worship provision. One district court preliminary injunction survived, in the companion Spencer case, and the Second Circuit left it intact, but it prohibits enforcement only against the plaintiffs in that case and protects nobody else. A place of worship is also private property, so its operator may prohibit firearms through signage or property law. That is a separate and true point, and it does not make general carry in a place of worship lawful. A license holder who is not responsible for security at that place of worship, and who is not a plaintiff in Spencer, commits a class E felony by carrying there.
Penal Law 265.01-d created the restricted-location rule, which on its face makes private property a default no-carry zone. It makes it a class E felony to possess a firearm, rifle, or shotgun on private property where the person knows or reasonably should know that the owner or lessee has not permitted such possession, either by clear and conspicuous signage indicating that carrying is permitted or by otherwise giving express consent. That statute has not been repealed and has not been struck down. It is enjoined in part. On October 10, 2024 the U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York permanently enjoined the defendants and those acting with them "from enforcing N.Y. Pen. L. 265.01-d with respect to private property open to the public," and the Second Circuit affirmed that permanent injunction in Christian v. James, 176 F.4th 189 (2d Cir. May 18, 2026). New York State Police say the same thing on gunsafety.ny.gov: "Due to a court ruling NYSP is not currently enforcing this provision with respect to possession of a firearm, rifle, or shotgun upon private property that is held open to the public." So at a store, diner, pharmacy, or gas station, the express-consent default is not being enforced, and the owner's right to exclude is what governs. A carrier must still honor a posted prohibition or a direct instruction to leave. As to private property that is not held open to the public, Penal Law 265.01-d applies on its own terms and the injunction does nothing for it. Wolford v. Lopez (U.S. June 25, 2026) held that a Hawaii law barring licensed carry on private property open to the public without the owner's express authorization violates the Second and Fourteenth Amendments. That decision confirms the Second Circuit's result about a different state's statute. It is not the ruling that reached New York's.
Both provisions were challenged in the Antonyuk litigation, which ran under the names Antonyuk v. Hochul, Antonyuk v. Chiumento, and Antonyuk v. James. In Antonyuk v. James, 120 F.4th 941 (2d Cir. 2024), decided on remand October 24, 2024, the Second Circuit upheld the bulk of the CCIA. It vacated the district court's preliminary injunctions against the good-moral-character standard, the catch-all disclosure provision, the cohabitant requirement, and the sensitive-location provisions before it, and preserved relief only as to Penal Law 400.00(1)(o)(iv) and Penal Law 265.01-d as applied to private property held open to the general public. The Supreme Court denied certiorari on April 7, 2025 (No. 24-795). In Christian v. James, 176 F.4th 189 (2d Cir. 2026), the Second Circuit affirmed the permanent injunction against the private-property provision as applied to property open to the public and, in the same decision, affirmed judgment for the State on the public-parks ban. Public parks remain a class E felony location. The litigation is not over. The stay in Christian was lifted on August 17, 2026 and the remaining issue there is undecided, summary-judgment briefing in Antonyuk closes September 18, 2026, and the Christian plaintiffs have said they anticipate petitioning for certiorari on the public-parks ban. None of that pending work changes the statutes now in force. See PROHIBITED_PLACES for the operative location analysis.
New York requires a background check for nearly all private firearm sales. The operative statute is General Business Law 898, not the pistol-licensing statute. Under General Business Law 898, any sale, exchange, or disposal of a firearm, rifle, or shotgun between private parties must run through a federally licensed dealer who requests a NICS check through the New York State Police, unless the transfer is between members of an immediate family. The dealer may not deliver the firearm until NICS issues a "proceed" response, or 30 calendar days pass without a denial. The statute defines "immediate family" as spouses, domestic partners, children, and step-children. A dealer may require that a sale or transfer conducted under the section be subject to a fee of not more than ten dollars per transaction. A knowing violation of General Business Law 898 is a class A misdemeanor.
The federal rules apply in parallel:
For the operative licensing statute, see PERMIT_BASICS.
New York sets a 21-year-old floor for pistol licensing under Penal Law 400.00(1)(a) (with an exception for honorable military discharge). The CCIA also created a license requirement to purchase or possess a semiautomatic rifle. A person who purchases or takes possession of a semiautomatic rifle without the license required by Penal Law 400.00(2) commits criminal purchase of a semiautomatic rifle under Penal Law 265.65, a class A misdemeanor for a first offense and a class E felony for subsequent offenses. Selling a semiautomatic rifle to a person who lacks that license is criminal sale of a semiautomatic rifle under Penal Law 265.66, a class E felony.
Federal law layers on additional rules:
New York requires a separate state-level point-of-sale background check on ammunition sales in addition to the firearm background check, administered through the New York State Police. A dealer or registered seller of ammunition may not transfer ammunition to a buyer who is not a dealer or registered seller until the buyer passes the check. "Seller of ammunition" is defined in Penal Law 265.00(24). Federal law still applies in parallel:
New York's general magazine capacity limit is 10 rounds. A magazine, belt, drum, feed strip, or similar device that has a capacity of, or that can be readily restored or converted to accept, more than 10 rounds of ammunition is a "large capacity ammunition feeding device" under Penal Law 265.00(23). The definition carves out an attached tubular device designed to accept, and capable of operating only with, .22 caliber rimfire ammunition, and a feeding device that qualifies as a curio or relic. Possession of a large capacity ammunition feeding device is criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree under Penal Law 265.02(8), a class D felony. The supply-side offenses carry the same grade: manufacturing one is a class D felony under Penal Law 265.10(1), transporting or shipping one is a class D felony under Penal Law 265.10(2), and disposing of one is a class D felony under Penal Law 265.10(3). Penal Law 265.20 sets out the exemptions.
A separate statute, Penal Law 265.37, makes it unlawful for a person to knowingly possess an ammunition feeding device where the device contains more than 7 rounds of ammunition. It is graded by location. Inside the possessor's own home, a first offense is a violation carrying a $200 fine, and each subsequent offense is a class B misdemeanor carrying that fine plus up to three months of imprisonment. Anywhere other than the possessor's home, a first offense is a class B misdemeanor carrying a $200 fine and up to six months, and each subsequent offense is a class A misdemeanor. Penal Law 265.20(e) carries a narrow exemption for a qualified retired New York or federal law enforcement officer, as defined in Penal Law 265.00(25). It is not a blanket exemption for retired officers. It reaches only large capacity ammunition feeding devices "issued to such officer or purchased by such officer in the course of his or her official duties and owned by such officer at the time of his or her retirement or comparable replacements for such devices," and it applies only if the further conditions the subdivision sets out are met, including that the employing agency qualified the officer in the use of the weapon that accepts the device. A retired officer relying on this should read the whole of 265.20(e) rather than the summary here. Do not confuse the load rule with the purchase rule. New York describes the SAFE Act amendments as "[s]uspending the requirement that only magazines that can contain 7 rounds or less can be purchased," and says that "[g]oing forward, magazines can be purchased that can contain up to 10 rounds." That change is about what may be bought. Penal Law 265.37 itself has not been repealed and keeps its own graded offense. The load limit was held unconstitutional in New York State Rifle and Pistol Association v. Cuomo, 804 F.3d 242 (2d Cir. 2015), where the Second Circuit concluded that "New York's seven-round load limit does not survive intermediate scrutiny in the absence of requisite record evidence and a substantial relationship between the statutory provision and important state safety interests" and affirmed the judgment holding the provision unconstitutional. That analysis was intermediate scrutiny, the means-end framework the Supreme Court replaced in Bruen with a test rooted in the Second Amendment's text as informed by history. Check the current statutory text and current State Police guidance before relying on any other reading of it.
Federal law at 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(16) defines "antique firearm" broadly to include pre-1899 firearms with matchlock, flintlock, percussion cap, or similar ignition, replicas of such firearms, and muzzle-loading rifles, shotguns, and pistols designed to use black powder and incapable of using fixed ammunition. Such firearms are not "firearms" under the federal Gun Control Act and are exempt from many federal rules.
New York's definition is narrower. Under Penal Law 265.00(14), an "antique firearm" is limited to an unloaded muzzle-loading pistol or revolver with a matchlock, flintlock, percussion cap, or similar ignition system, or a pistol or revolver that uses fixed cartridges no longer available in ordinary commercial trade. New York's definitions of "rifle" and "shotgun" in Penal Law 265.00(11) and 265.00(12) expressly include muzzle-loading, flintlock, and black powder long guns. The practical result is that a muzzle-loading rifle or shotgun is treated as a rifle or shotgun under New York law and a private sale of one is subject to the General Business Law 898 background-check requirement, even though the same firearm is exempt under federal law.
Suppressors, short-barreled rifles, short-barreled shotguns, machine-guns, destructive devices, and Any Other Weapons registered and lawfully transferred under the federal National Firearms Act (26 U.S.C. Chapter 53; definitions at 26 U.S.C. 5845) are generally not lawful to possess in New York absent a narrow state-law exception. New York independently criminalizes most of these items regardless of federal compliance. Possession of a firearm silencer or machine-gun is criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree under Penal Law 265.02(2), a class D felony, and possession of a machine-gun or disguised gun with intent to use it unlawfully against another is criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree under Penal Law 265.03(1), a class C felony. On the supply side, manufacturing a machine-gun or a firearm silencer is a class D felony under Penal Law 265.10(1), transporting or shipping one is a class D felony under Penal Law 265.10(2), and disposing of one is a class D felony under Penal Law 265.10(3). An amendment effective August 25, 2026 widened the reach of all of those offenses. Penal Law 265.00(1) now defines "machine-gun" to include "any convertible pistol that is equipped with a pistol converter," so a converted pistol is a machine-gun for purposes of Article 265.
Federal law changed the NFA tax. Under Pub. L. 119-21, the making and transfer tax falls to $0 for suppressors, short-barreled rifles, short-barreled shotguns, and Any Other Weapons, and remains $200 for machine-guns and destructive devices, effective for calendar quarters beginning more than 90 days after July 4, 2025, with the first qualifying quarter starting January 1, 2026. That federal tax change does not alter New York's independent state-level criminal prohibitions. See NFA_ITEMS for the full treatment.
Penal Law 265.01-c makes it a class A misdemeanor to knowingly possess a rapid-fire modification device. Penal Law 265.00(26) defines that device to include any bump stock, trigger crank, binary trigger system, burst trigger system, pistol converter, or any other device that is designed to accelerate the rate of fire of a semi-automatic firearm, rifle or shotgun. Manufacturing, transporting or shipping, or disposing of one is a class E felony under Penal Law 265.10(1), (2) and (3).
Amendments effective August 25, 2026 rewrote the pistol-converter rules, and they are the newest law in this section. Penal Law 265.00(36) now defines a "pistol converter" as a device that, when installed in or attached to the rear of the slide of a semi-automatic pistol, replaces the backplate and interferes with the trigger mechanism so that the pistol discharges rapidly or automatically with one continuous pull of the trigger. The superseded text reached a device installed in or attached to the slide, with no backplate element. New Penal Law 265.00(37) defines a "convertible pistol" as a semi-automatic pistol with a cruciform trigger bar that can be readily altered by hand or with common household tools so that installing or attaching a pistol converter converts it into a machine-gun. That subdivision names the tools it counts as common household tools, excludes hammer-fired pistols and striker-fired pistols that lack a cruciform trigger bar, and provides that a notch, tab, or other piece of material on the frame does not prevent ready alteration if it can be readily removed with those tools. New Penal Law 265.00(40) defines the cruciform trigger bar itself. The consequence that matters most sits in the machine-gun definition. Because Penal Law 265.00(1) now sweeps in any convertible pistol equipped with a pistol converter, a converted pistol carries the machine-gun gradings described above, not the class A misdemeanor. Separately, beginning May 31, 2027, a dealer in firearms or gunsmith who sells, transfers, disposes of, or transports or ships as merchandise a convertible pistol is guilty of a class D felony under Penal Law 265.10(10). New York's prohibitions in this area rest on state statutory authority and apply whatever a device is called under federal law.
New York prohibits unserialized and "unfinished" frames and receivers. An "unfinished frame or receiver" is defined in Penal Law 265.00(32) as unserialized material that has been shaped or formed for the purpose of becoming a frame or receiver and that may readily be made functional through milling, drilling, or other means. Possession is reached through the fourth-degree weapon-possession statute. Under Penal Law 265.01(10), a person who is not a licensed gunsmith or dealer and who knowingly possesses an unserialized or unfinished frame or receiver commits criminal possession of a weapon in the fourth degree, a class A misdemeanor, and under Penal Law 265.01(9) the same applies to knowing possession of an unserialized "ghost gun."
Sale offenses are charged separately. Criminal sale of a frame or receiver in the second degree under Penal Law 265.63, for selling, exchanging, giving, or disposing of an unserialized or unfinished frame or receiver, is a class E felony. Criminal sale of a frame or receiver in the first degree under Penal Law 265.64, for disposing of a total of ten or more in a period of not more than one year, is a class D felony. Amendments effective August 25, 2026 raised the manufacturing gradings. Penal Law 265.10(1) now makes it a class D felony to manufacture or cause to be manufactured a ghost gun, an unfinished frame or receiver, a firearm silencer, or a major component of a firearm, alongside a machine-gun, assault weapon, large capacity ammunition feeding device, or disguised gun. Penal Law 265.10(2) now makes transporting or shipping a ghost gun a class D felony.
The same amendments added a digital layer aimed at printed and machined guns. Penal Law 265.00(38) defines a "three-dimensional printer," and Penal Law 265.00(39) defines "digital firearm manufacturing code" as digital instructions, in computer-aided design files or other code stored and displayed in electronic format, that may be used to program a three-dimensional printer or a computer numerical control milling machine to produce a firearm, rifle, shotgun, ghost gun, unfinished frame or receiver, firearm silencer, rapid-fire modification device, or major component of a firearm. Under new Penal Law 265.10(11), knowingly selling, offering to sell, transferring, distributing, selling access to, providing, or otherwise disposing of that code to a person who does not hold both a gunsmith license under Penal Law 400.00 and a valid federal firearms license is a class A misdemeanor. The subdivision states three exceptions: a reasonable belief that the recipient will not use the code in violation of the section, neither party being in New York State, or the recipient holding both licenses. Under new Penal Law 265.10(12), possessing the code with intent to manufacture illegally, or to distribute it to a New York recipient the sender knows or reasonably should know is prohibited, or to a New York recipient who lacks both licenses, is also a class A misdemeanor.
New York imposes a duty to retreat before using deadly physical force outside the home. Under Penal Law 35.15, a person may not use deadly physical force if the person knows that with complete personal safety to oneself and others the necessity can be avoided by retreating. The statute carves out an exception so that a person is under no duty to retreat when in his or her own dwelling and not the initial aggressor. New York has no stand-your-ground rule. Penal Law 35.20 separately governs the use of force in defense of premises and in defense against burglary. New York does not maintain a stand-alone civil-immunity statute for justified force, and there is no special pretrial immunity hearing. The justification framework in Penal Law Article 35 governs both the criminal-charging and the civil-liability analysis. For the substantive analysis of when force, including deadly force, is permitted, see USE_OF_FORCE and CASTLE_DOCTRINE.
Mental Hygiene Law 9.46 requires certain mental health professionals to report to their local director of community services when, in their reasonable professional judgment, a patient is likely to engage in conduct that would result in serious harm to self or others. That information can be matched against firearm-license records, and a 9.46 report is one of the disqualifiers expressly listed in the pistol-licensing eligibility statute, Penal Law 400.00(1)(j). A licensing officer who learns that a licensee is the subject of such a report acts under Penal Law 400.00(11), which governs suspension and revocation of a license. Mental health professionals who exercise reasonable professional judgment in good faith are protected from liability for the reporting decision.
A federal layer overlays the state framework. 18 U.S.C. 922(g)(4) prohibits any person who has been adjudicated as a mental defective or committed to a mental institution from possessing firearms or ammunition. For New York's full prohibitor analysis and any state-side relief procedure, see RESTRICTIONS and RED_FLAG.
The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation regulates which firearms and ammunition are legal for which species and seasons. Environmental Conservation Law 11-0931 contains the operative firearm rules for hunting. Subdivision 1 bars hunting with a silencer or an automatic firearm and bars use of an auto-loading firearm constructed to hold more than six shells in the magazine and chamber combined, with exceptions for a .22 rimfire firearm, a firearm altered to hold no more than six shells, and an auto-loading pistol with a barrel less than eight inches long. This six-shell hunting limit is separate from the 10-round general magazine capacity limit in the Penal Law. Subdivision 5 prohibits using a rifle for hunting on Long Island or in Westchester County, and carrying a rifle in the woodlands in those areas is presumptive evidence of illegal use, with an exception for members of an organized target shooting club carrying unloaded rifles to and from a range. For DEC contact information and the current published hunting guide, see RESOURCES.
New York imposes a mandatory reporting duty. Under Penal Law 400.10, any owner or other person lawfully in possession of a firearm, rifle, or shotgun who suffers its loss or theft must report the facts and circumstances to a police department or sheriff's office within 24 hours of discovering the loss or theft. Failure to make that report is a class A misdemeanor. Beyond the legal duty, a prompt police report creates a record that protects the owner if the firearm is later recovered in connection with a crime. Check your own insurance policy for what it requires.
New York City runs its own, stricter handgun-licensing system, administered by the NYPD License Division. It is governed by the New York City Administrative Code, including Section 10-131, and the Rules of the City of New York at Title 38. A handgun license issued by a county outside the city does not by itself authorize carry in New York City. Administrative Code 10-131(a)(3) contemplates that a person holding a license issued by someone other than the police commissioner applies for "a special permit from the commissioner granting it validity within the city of New York," and the Title 38 rules tie that Special License to a valid New York State county carry license, which the rules make void if the county license is revoked, cancelled, suspended, or surrendered. Treat New York City as a separate jurisdiction for licensing purposes. See PREEMPTION for how state and local authority interact.
Every New York firearm question runs in parallel with federal law. The principal federal references:
When state and federal law differ, New York's regime is generally more restrictive. State silence does not displace a federal prohibition, and a New York restriction is independently enforceable even where federal law is permissive.
New York firearm statutes change with the legislative session. The CCIA restructured concealed carry in 2022. Amendments to Penal Law 265.00 and Penal Law 265.10 covering convertible pistols, pistol converters, ghost guns, and digital firearm manufacturing code took effect August 25, 2026, and one convertible-pistol dealer offense at Penal Law 265.10(10) begins May 31, 2027. Federal litigation over the CCIA continues, and the enforcement posture changes as rulings issue. Verify any rule in this section against the current Penal Law, the New York bill tracker, and current State Police guidance before relying on it.
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